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List of Celebrity Branded Fragrances

List of Celebrity Branded Fragrances

 

List of Celebrity Brand Fragrances: Actresses

The most successful fragrances branded by a celebrity are those of Elizabeth Taylor as she collaborated with Elizabeth Arden.  The duo released 12 of the most successful celebrity fragrances between 1988 and 2010, and some of these fragrances include Passion, White Diamonds, Black Pearls, Gardenia, and Violet Eyes. 

 

Jennifer Lopez has released over 15 fragrances and some of the most successful include Glow, Still, Deseo, and Love and Glamour. 

 

Sarah Jessica Parker released 8 fragrances between 2005 and 2009 that included Lovely, Covet, SJP NYC, Endless, and Twilight.

 

Halle Berry released three popular fragrances including Halle, Halle Pure Orchid, and Reveal.  The branded fragrances have been released by Jennifer Aniston, Kate Walsh, Eva Longoria, Reese Witherspoon, Mary-Kate Olsen, Ashley Olsen, and Isabella Rossellini. 

 

List of Celebrity Brand Fragrances: Male Actors, Models, and Athletes

Male musicians with the most successful branded fragrances include Diddy, Usher, Akon, and Nelly. 

 

Diddy’s successful fragrances include Sean John I Am King, Sean John Unforgivable, and Sean John Unforgiveable for Women.  Usher’s successful fragrances include UR for Men, UR for Women, and Usher VIP.  Popular fragrances by Akon include Konvict Homme and Konvict Femme.  The most popular fragrance by Nelly is Apple Bottoms, and other musicians like 50 Cent and Tim McGraw have popular fragrances as well. 

 

Antonio Banderas has released 15 branded fragrances, and some of the more popular fragrances include Seduction in Black, Spirit VIP for Men, Spirit VIP for Women, and The Secret.  Male celebrities like David Beckham and Patrick Dempsey have released branded fragrances as well. 

 

List of Celebrity Brand Fragrances: Female Musicians

Celine Dion has released 14 fragrances, and some of the popular fragrances include Celine Dion, Belong, Enchanting, Sensational Moments, and Simply Chic. 

 

Britney Spears has released 9 different fragrances, and she has collaborated with Elizabeth Arden for most the fragrances.  Her popular fragrances include Curious by Britney Spears, Fantasy, Midnight Fantasy, Circus Fantasy, and Radiance. 

 

Mariah Carey has also released 9 fragrances, and she has also collaborated with Elizabeth Arden.  Some of her popular fragrances are M, Luscious Pink, Forever, and Lollipop Bling Honey. 

 

The following female musicians have also released popular fragrances: Avril Lavigne, Beyonce, Christina Aguilera, Rihanna, Katy Perry, Shakira, Fergie, Gwen Stefani, Jordin Sparks, Faith Hill, Shania Twain, Jessica Simpson, Mary J. Blige, Hilary Duff, and Queen Latifah. 

 

List of Celebrity Brand Fragrances: Other Popular Celebrities

The following celebrities are known for popular branded fragrances as well:

 

Andy Warhol: Andy Warhol and Marilyn Rose

Kat Von D: Saint, Sinner, and Adora

Cindy Crawford: Cindy Crawford, Summer Day, and Joyful

Maria Sharapova: Maria Sharapova

Heidi Klum: Shine

Kim Kardashian: Kim Kardashian and Gold

Kate Moss: Kate, Vintage, and Wild Meadow

Paris Hilton: Heiress, Siren, and Tease

Daisy Fuentes: So Luxurious, Dianoche Love, and Mysterio

Naomi Campbell: Eternal Beauty, Cat Deluxe, and Naomi

Michael Jordan: Michael Jordon, 23, and Legend

Trade Secret

Trade Secret

 


A trade secret is primarily defined by the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA).  Essentially, the trade secret is information such as a formula, pattern, program, method, process, technique, or similar piece of information that produces economic value.   However, the information only produces actual or potential economic value because it is not accessible by other parties who could also generate economic value with its use. 

 

Before the UTSA was passed, the use of a secret in trade was an offense under a common law tort known as the Restatement of Torts.  Section 757 and 758 of this tort laid out general policies, and the majority of U.S. Courts adopted the trade secret tort.  Comment (b) of §757 is still accessed regularly and determines what qualifies as a secret in trade.  A secret in trade is recognized depending on the following:

 

·         the amount of information about the secret known outside of the business

·         the amount of information known by employees for the business

·         the measures taken by the business to protect the information from exposure

·         the value of the secret to the business compared to competitors

·         the difficulty involved in acquiring the information and duplicating the information

 

In order to submit a trade secret claim, the information needs to qualify for protection in the first place.  Secondly, the party holding the secret needs to prove that they took reasonable steps to keep in the information private.  Thirdly, the party holding the secret must prove that the secret was not unlawfully obtained from another party. 

 

There are two cases when a secret in trade is unlawfully obtained.  The information was unlawfully obtained through improper means or there is a breach of confidence.  For example, if an employee accessed information and sold the information to another company, the second company committed breach of confidence. 

 

It is not illegal to obtain a trade secret if the information is discovered independently, reverse engineering leads to the discovery, or the company holding the secret failed to take proper steps in protecting the secret. 

 

A trade secret does not last for a specific number of years like a patent.  The secret in trade continues indefinitely until disclosure of the secret is reached lawfully.  An inventor has the choice to choose between a patent and a protection of the secret, but the information cannot by dually protected at the same time. 

 

Obtaining a secret in trade does not always exist as a crime only under tort law.  It qualifies as a federal crime in some cases.  The crimes becomes a federal crime when it violates the Economic Espionage Act of 1996. 

 

A recent trade secret violation occurred when Kolon Industries stole information about the manufacturing process used by DuPont for Kevlar para-aramind fiber.  Kolon is headquartered in South Korea and makes a bullet-proof product called Hercron.  Kolon wanted to improve its products, so they targeted former employees that formerly worked for DuPont to receive information on the secrets.

 

They soon received information about the secret manufacturing process used by DuPont and replicated the process in three years. 

Hungry Jack’s

Hungry Jack's

 

Hungry Jack's

Hungry Jack's is an Australian fast food franchise that was originally under the control of the American fast food franchise Burger King. From 1995 to 2001, the two companies were involved in a prolonged legal dispute that was ultimately decided in favor Hungry Jack's.

 

Hungry Jack's began business in 1971 as the exclusive franchise of Burger King in Australia. In 1991, the contract between the two businesses was renewed. The contract included a "termination clause" stating that Hungry Jack's was responsible for opening four new franchise locations a year. However, the contract contradicted itself with another clause which stated that as long as Hungry Jack's opened at least two new locations in a year, another year's worth of a "grace period" would be granted.

 

In 1995, Burger King decided it wanted to take over directly from Hungry Jack's. Though the terms of the contract stated that every franchise location opened had to be approved by Burger King, the company refused to approve the opening of any new locations, making it impossible for Hungry Jack's to live up to the terms of the contract. At this time, Burger King also made use of a Hungry Jack's employee who provided them with information about the company's activities.

 

In 1996, Burger King claimed that Hungry Jack's had violated the terms of its contract and began directly opening its own franchise locations. In 2001, Hungry Jack's filed suit against Burger King, claiming that they had violated the terms of the contract. The case was heard in the New South Wales Court of Appeal and resolved on June 21, 2001. In its decision, the court considered the termination clause's terms and its contradictions with other parts of the contract. The court ruled that the contract allowed Burger King to arbitrarily impeded and hinder Hungry Jack's, making it impossible for them to honor the contract.

 

In reviewing the contract, the court considered the question of "good faith." Because the contract in question was not a standard commercial agreement for which precedent concerning good faith had not yet been established, the court had to rule on whether there was an implicit, justifiable reason to assume such a basis for business. Taking into account Burger King's attempts to prevent Hungry Jack's from opening more locations and use of internal information provided by its informant, the court ruled that Burger King's actions were taken with the direct intent of harming Hungry Jack's to allow Burger King to open its own locations.

 

As a result, the court ruled in favor of Hungry Jack's and ordered that Burger King pay roughly 71 million in Australian dollars. Burger King appealed the decision but was not successful in this attempt. The case is considered in the Australian legal system for introducing "good faith" as a measure of determining the merits of two parties' actions when involved in a contractual dispute. The case is often cited as a precedent in such cases.

Competition

Competition

How the Law Handles Competition between Businesses
In business, competition between sellers within an open marketplace is beneficial for both businesses and consumers. Competition not only keeps prices lower and raises quality, but it also provides more choices and more reason to be innovative. In order to maintain this sense of competition between sellers, the Federal Trade Commission enforces the antitrust laws.
These laws were first created in response to many companies who concealed their business practices using trusts in the late 19th century, which threatened the free market.
·         The Sherman Act (1890)
o   Created to prevent potential cartels or monopolies that could be detrimental to having competition in a free market
o   The act does not allow companies to artificially raise the price
·         The Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)
o   Created the Federal Trade Commission which now regulates large corporations and stops them from having unfair trading practices
·         The Clayton Act (1914)
o   Prevents certain practices that could harm competition in free market, such as price discrimination or having an individual being a director on two companies in competition with each other.
While the anti-trust laws are applicable to most organizations, there are certain types that are exempt from the anti-trust laws, such as labor unions banks, and agricultural cooperatives.
The Federal Trade Commission still continues to monitor large corporations to ensure that no business practices occur that may harm the free market and healthy competition. The Federal trade Commission Monitors the following activities:
·         Mergers
o   While mergers can allow firms to operate more smoothly, mergers result in fewer options and possibly higher consumers.
·         Agreements Among Competitors
o   Businesses cannot conspire to raise prices, hinder other businesses from operating, or raising prices
o   The Federal Trade Commission pays close attention to potential artificial price fixing
·         Manufacturers and Product Dealers
o   There are some agreements, for example a car with a brand of tires that are acceptable, but others can be illegal if they restrict competition without providing customer benefits.
·         Monopolies
o   By excluding other companies or impairing their ability to compete, it can hurt the consumer by allowing them to control prices.
·         Other Anticompetitive Actions
By regulating major corporations, a free market can exist and competition is possible between sellers. However, there can be downsides to competition in the free market. It can potentially lead to increased costs and if waste if companies repeat ideas without innovation. In certain circumstances, competition is inefficient and a natural monopoly flourishes.

Charities

Charities

Charities and the Law


A charity is a non-profit organization that works to benefit the public or accomplish some form of philanthropy. 
Charities can be either public or private foundations. When a charity (even if foreign) qualifies under the Internal Revenue code Section 501(c)(3), which makes them exempt from taxes, they are considered to be a private foundation. A private charity receives the majority of its funds from one source, such as a family, individual or a corporation.
If the charity does not qualify to be a private foundation, it is considered to be a public foundation, and also classifies under Section 508(b) or 509(a). In a public charity, the majority of funding comes from the government, private foundations, or individuals.
For a charity to have 501(c)(3) status, it must be organized and run exclusively for the reasons described in the code, in this case purely for charity. The organization cannot benefit any private interests and none of the earnings should benefit any one private individual shareholder. Because of this status, a charity can get tax-deductible contributions.
A charity is limited in its ability to conduct legislative and political activities, such as lobbying. Under 501(c)(3) code, a charity must do the following:
• Restrict lobbying to a very small part of the charity’s activities
• Refrain from taking part in any candidates during political campaigns on any level of government
• Not let any earnings benefit one individual or private shareholder
• Refrain from operating for the benefit of one private interest or for the purpose of any trade or business that is not related to the exempt purpose
• Refrain from illegal activities
The most common 501(c)(3) charities promote:
• Fighting community deterioration
• Preventing juvenile delinquency
• Eliminating discrimination and prejudice
• Constructing or maintaining public monuments, buildings, or works
• Advancing science or education
• Advancing religion
• Securing civil and human rights through the law
• Helping the underprivileged, the distressed, or the poor
 
A charity that is under 501©(3) must follow two disclosure rules placed by the federal tax law. A donor must receive from the charity a written acknowledgement for any individual contribution that is at least $250 in order for the donor to claim a federal contribution on a federal income tax return. Second, a charity must give a written disclosure to a donor who pays $75 or more as a combination of contribution and payment for a service or good.

Business Letter

Business Letter

Writing a Proper Business Letter


A business letter is written differently from most letters due to its use of formal language. Instead of showing creativity using evocative language, a business letter uses more succinct language, while stressing accuracy and specificity. 
The write an effective business letter, it is important to assume that the receiver of the letter will not have much time and will want to quickly understand the point of the message. Depending on the context, the writing style can be more casual, such as what would be found in an email correspondence or more formal, such as what would be found in a contract. The writing style of a business letter relies on the circumstances and it is important to use the correct amount of formality.

Parts of a Business Letter
Most business letters can be broken down to the following sections:
• Sender’s address
o If the address is not already in the leader head, include one line above the date at the top of the letter.
o Only write the street, city, and zip code.
• Date
o The date is the date that the letter was written or completed.
o Write the month, day, and year 2” from the top of the page either in the center or left justified.
o It should be written in American date format if addressed to an American company.
• Inside address
o This is to a specific individual and his or her business address. 
o The address is left justified and one line underneath the sender’s address or the left.
• Salutation
o This is the name within the inside address with the personal title.
o Use a personal title, full name, colon and a blank line after the salutation.
o The personal title can be omitted if gender is unknown.
• Body
o The body should be in paragraph format that are left justified and single spaced.
o There should be a blank line between paragraphs.
• Closing
o The closing is at one line after the final body paragraph and has the same horizontal point as the date. The first word should be capitalized and four spaces should be left between the closing and the sender’s name.
• Enclosures
o Enclosures should be indicated by typing “enclosure” a line after the closing.
o Documents can be listed optionally, particularly if there are multiple documents.
• Typist initials
o The typist of the document usually initials the document, but if it was written by the sender, initials are omitted.
Other tips for writing a good business letter
• It is acceptable to use first person pronouns, but make sure to use “we” when representing the company.
• Avoid using a passive voice in order to maintain clarity in the business letter.
• Be concise but still consider the tone of the letter in order to avoid being blunt.

B2B Marketing Defined

B2B Marketing Defined

B2B marketing refers to the marketing that occurs between two businesses that utilize each others products or services.  B2B is short for “business to business”.  B2B marketing is important for those companies, as they need to sustain supply chains or sustain business clients in order to be an active part of commerce.  B2B marketing applies to businesses in several different ways, ranging from the simple (having a good brand name, distinctive logo, and a website) to the very complex (appearing in trade magazines, e-mailing newsletters, and direct mail). 

How to use B2B Marketing for your business


1. Identify how B2B Marketing can help your business
B2B marketing is for those businesses that are in a supply chain and need to maintain their contacts, either from the supplying or purchasing end.  Identify whether your business has the type of relationships with other businesses that must be maintained for the benefit of your company.  Local, regional, and nationwide businesses can benefit from B2B marketing, but it needs to be adapted to your market.  Retail, distributors, and manufacturers are types of businesses in the supply chain that strive when using B2B marketing.  

2. Determine how to budget for B2B Marketing
B2B marketing poses a unique budgeting problem for businesses, as many companies seek increased revenue rather than nurturing relationships with other businesses.  B2B marketing also does not use traditional methods of marketing, as you are not trying to raise brand awareness, but rather increase the strength of an already existing connection.  Some B2B marketing ideas include have luncheons with other business professionals, providing informational sessions and talks that both benefit your businesses while raising awareness of your products and services, or just keeping in contact with decision makers at the other company.  


3. Establish your B2B marketing plan
Once you have determined that your company has the relationships that can benefit from B2B marketing, you must create a plan that will meet your goals.  Brainstorming to come up with unique ideas is one method in which you and your employees can use to work into your plan. B2B marketing must use non-traditional advertising or marketing ideas in order to keep brand awareness and likability for each business.  B2B marketing will require that the leaders of your business actively work and speak with those in charge of the other companies.  Group outings, co-sponsored events, and the exchange of information can be both enjoyable and serve to market your company to other businesses.  

4. Putting your B2B marketing ideas into effect
After coming up with the ideas and planning your B2B marketing strategy, you must put them into place.  Ensure that you follow through with your B2B marketing, in order to show the other businesses that you are capable of providing the services and products they need or that you can provide.  It will also be helpful to receive feedback about your B2B marketing strategies and continue using what works while phasing out any marketing that does not seem as helpful. 


Laws and legal issues for B2B Marketing
B2B marketing can sometimes create legal and regulatory problems for the businesses involved.  You must ensure that you are compliant with all laws, especially if your business works directly with government agencies, bidding processes, and government officials.  This is due to the fact that much of B2B marketing can involve direct solicitation, providing gifts or items to other entities, and other activities that may be violate business regulations. Contact a legal professional for help if you believe your business may need to abide by such regulation before beginning your B2B marketing plan.  

Utilizing Article Marketing

Utilizing Article Marketing

Article marketing is a form of advertising that uses short articles and informational writings related to a business’ industry.  Typically, these articles will be attached by a prominent text or picture box giving the business’ name and contact information.  Article marketing is a great way of keeping your business relevant to other companies and clients while also providing information that is helpful.  Article marketing’s main goal is to advertise and keep a business’ name relevant so when a client or other business needs their services, the name is available.   

How to utilize Article Marketing for your business


1. Identify your products, services, and clients
The first step before you can begin article marketing is to identify what your business produces, what services you provide, and who your client base is.  Understanding all of these factors will help you determine what type of articles you should write and at what technical level your article needs to be.  If your business works primarily with other business professionals or other highly educated clients, your articles will need to be much more in depth in order to keep their attention.  If your client base is the general public, your articles will need to be kept at a more simple level in order to keep their attention.  

2. Consider your budget
Article marketing will require both financial and time commitment in order to correctly use it.  Articles that will be sent through traditional mail or given to clients in hard copy require funds to have published and printed in a professional manner.  If your budget does not allow it or it does not make sense to use traditional mail, you can always use electronic mail to send your articles, however you run the risk of having them easily deleted from email.  

3. Develop your Article Marketing plan
After having determined who your articles will be sent to, how you will send them, and within what budget you must work, you can start to develop your plan for article marketing.  You must plan on how you will get your articles.  You have the choice of purchasing articles from professional sources, however this may be a very expensive option.  
Having yourself or an employee who is familiar with your business can be the best option for writing the articles that will be used.  However, you must ensure that you or your employee has the time and ability to write interesting and professional articles.  Your articles should be written either focusing on your business or your industry.  You can write about updates to your business, new clients you have obtained, or new products and services that you can provide.  Likewise, you can write about interesting stories about your industry and exciting new technology. 

4. Putting your Article Marketing into effect
Finally, once you have your plan in place, the money allocated for it, and your delivery method chosen, you now have to execute.  You will need to obtain all of the necessary hardware and software if you are writing the articles yourself and using the internet as your delivery.  Word processing programs, such as Microsoft Word or Word Perfect are essential for writing professional articles.  Newsletter software is also available, which will help put your articles into a readable form and send it out to clients.  “SendBlaster” is one such brand of online newsletter software and many other options are available.  

Legal Issues
You must be careful that you meet all regulatory requirements for writing business articles and newsletters.  One of the most important regulations that may apply to your company is that you have to identify if you are sending this as an advertisement or as a legitimate informative newsletter that customers subscribe.  Contact a legal professional with experience helping businesses develop their marketing plans while complying with all applicable laws and regulations.  

Mobile Marketing Advantages

Mobile Marketing Advantages

Mobile marketing is a relatively new form of advertising that always a business to reach its clients via mobile phones.  Mobile phones have become one of the most used new technologies to come out, as about 91% of Americans have or regularly use a cell phone. Mobile marketing can connect you to your client via simple text messages or mobile messages that reach your clients at any time you like.  Mobile marketing is a new strategy, so beware of the pitfalls that may accompany using this new strategy.    

How to use Mobile Marketing to your advantage


1. Identify how Marketing Research can help your business
Mobile marketing is highly limited in that only brief messages can be sent and received.  Therefore, it is important to identify areas of your business that can be conveyed in a simple manner.  Highly technical details about new products or services just do not work with Mobile marketing.  Instead, try to determine if there are simple messages that will be of use to your client base or if there is a reason you need to contact them via mobile device.  

2. Determine how to budget for Mobile Marketing
While text messaging for personal use is a fairly inexpensive process, businesses sending mass text messages to a large client base are faced with much larger texting fees.  Mobile marketing may also require you to purchase the hardware needed to send such messages, such as new computers, software, or smart phones that fit your mobile marketing needs.  Always investigate the potential costs of a marketing strategy before planning on bringing it to your business.  

3. Establish your Mobile Marketing plan
Once you have concluded that a mobile marketing plan is both cost effective and fits your businesses needs, you need to come up with a plan that you will abide by during your marketing.  It is helpful to have a detailed plan that lists specific times, dates, and targeted clients for your mobile messages to reach.  You must also plan who will write the messages of the texts and the type of messages that will be sent.  Mobile marketing does not have to be strictly informational, you may text games, contests, announcements, or awards to your clients while keeping your name in their mind. 

4. Effectuating your Mobile Marketing
Once your plan is in place, follow it as well as you can, while remaining flexible to adapt to changes that may need to be made.  Always listen to your clients about your messages.  If they inform you that they do not wish to receive your messages, you must stop sending them immediately, or else you will lose clients while possibly running afoul of the do not contact list.  

How to adapt Mobile Marketing to your specific business
It will be important that you adapt mobile marketing concepts to your specific business and overall marketing plans.  Mobile marketing should be used in conjunction with other marketing methods, so try to determine how well they can work with each other.  Also, make sure that your messages serve a purpose.  Sending mass texts with the sole purpose of having name recognition may adversely affect your overall marketing scheme.  

Loan Amortization Schedule

Loan Amortization Schedule

A loan amortization schedule is a useful tool to determine the amount left on a loan and the interest that will be paid.  Through the use of a loan amortization schedule tool, one will be able to determine the date of repayment, monthly principal and interest owed and the sum of all payments that will be made to the lender.  Although it is not particularly difficult for an individual to generate a loan amortization schedule, tools exist to guide borrowers through the steps of making a loan amortization schedule to help determine their future finances.

What is the definition of amortization?
The term amortization refers to the amount of the monthly payment made on a loan that decreases the principal owed.  You use a loan amortization schedule to determine how much the portion of the monthly payment that is not allocated to pay interest will decrease the principal amount owned.

How do I calculate a loan amortization schedule?
First, gather the following information (sample numbers included)
Loan Amount = $50,000
Loan term = 10 years
Interest rate = 12%
Amortization rates = monthly
Loan amortization can be calculated manually sometimes, but generally speaking, it is a better idea to use software or resources that are programmed to give accurate results on loan amortization schedules.  
Using an online loan amortization calculator, we find that the initial payment made is $717.35.  $500 is paid in interest, with the remainder paid toward reducing the principal.  Looking at the loan amortization schedule, we see that assuming the repayment began in January 2012, by Jan 2015, $406.37 is being paid in interest and $310.98 is paid toward the principal.  Only about $10,000 of the principal will be repaid that that point.  Toward the end of the loan amortization schedule, which ends on December of 2021, we see that more of the principal is repaid with each payment, while the share of the payment that is used to cover interest, declines, coinciding with the slowly reducing principal amount.

What are the issues with a loan amortization schedule?
A loan amortization schedule assumes that payments will remain exactly the same throughout the repayment of the loan.  Especially in arrangements with adjustable interest rates or lacking “balloon payments,” monthly payments can vary.  The lack of balloon payments allowed for more of the principal to be repaid early, thus reducing the interest that will be owed.  Use a loan amortization schedule as a benchmark to estimate how much a loan will cost and only use it as a guide if the loan is fixed and you know that you will not able to repay it early.  Payments may vary slightly due to rounding on the part of the lender although these discrepancies are usually adjusted at the end of the year.
As with all blended payment arrangements, interest will dominate the repayment at first and principal repayment will overtake interest repayment a bit of time after repayment has begun.  A loan amortization schedule can help you visualize when that will occur, which can be valuable information.
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