The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 was a piece of Federal legislation that created the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was established in order to promote fair trading practices and to protect consumers from corruption and illicit behavior on the part of corporations.

The Federal Trade Commission Act granted the United States President the authority to appoint the members of the Federal Trade Commission. The Commission was composed of five different members who each served a seven year term. It was permitted to authorize Cease and Desist orders, which required large corporations to halt specified activities. Therefore, if the Committee believed that a corporation was engaging in harmful or unlawful activities, it could legally require the corporation to abandon these activities. One such example is the formation of coercive monopolies, which could be dissolved by the Commission.

Under United States Federal law, an employer is not required to provide employees with holiday compensation. Some states have adopted laws that require employers to provide holiday pay, though this varies significantly from one state to another. Therefore, it is important for an individual to review the labor laws in his/her state.

In addition, an employer is not required to allow employees time off on holidays. Nevertheless, most business entities will close on major holidays. Federal law does require employers to respect an individual’s religious holidays and observances. Therefore, if an employee requests time off for religious reasons, an employer should grant his/her request.

If employees do work on public holidays, employers do not legally need to provide overtime or premium compensation. Despite the absence of holiday pay laws, most employers provide employees time and a half if they work on major holidays.

The law of agency is a commercial law subject concerning legal relationships established by contracts or similar kinds of agreements with the general effect of empowering agents to act on the behalf of others. As such, this branch of legal theory will pertain to such agencies as those shared between agents and principals, agents and third parties, and principals and third parties. 

The law of agencies comes under the coverage of common law, and thus, can be differentiated from that of civil laws. The Latin phrase “qui facit per alium, facit per se,” or “the one who acts through another, acts in his or her own interests” can be referred to as a description of the law of agency. Laws of agency can, moreover, provide for such various agencies as those of universal agents, general agents, or special agents, and can create either actual or apparent authority.

A business partnership refers to some form of agreement between more than one individual to shared cooperation toward the end of carrying out common goals and acting for common interests. Moreover, a partnership of this kind will involve the two or more parties to the agreement designating themselves, by shared agreement, as co-owners. 

A business partnership can be designated as such in most areas and legal jurisdictions of the world, and in the specific instance of the U.S., a partnership can be created according to many different possible forms in accordance with the laws of the particular state in which the business partnership is put into effect. Additionally, U.S. Federal law allows for a great deal of leniency on the part of state legislatures as to the specific definition of a business partnership. Most specifically, a business partnership might be created as a general, limited, or limited liability partnership.

The distinction between a secondary market and primary market is a necessary element of understanding the capital markets sector. A primary market represents the first venue in which securities, such as stocks or bonds, can be offered, while a secondary market can be designated as the setting in which the securities first offered through a primary market are offered for sale. Moreover, a primary market allows investors to purchase these financial products directly from the individuals or groups initially responsible for creating them. The secondary market, on the other hand, represents a venue for transactions between various investors. 

The Initial Public Offering of a corporation which has newly made the transition to being publicly traded is considered a primary market transaction. In general, primary market trading is considered underwriting. Secondary market settings include the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. In addition, securities can also be traded through third and fourth markets.

Typically speaking, in the United States every instance of business fraud will cost a small business an average of about $100,000. Therefore, small and big businesses alike will implement ways to prevent business fraud.

For businesses to prevent fraud from occurring, certain aspects must be considered, such as the overall working environment. Many businesses will create a work environment which will reinforce anti-fraud behavior and actions. This will begin with the owners and managers creating a relationship with their employees and by properly communicating how certain company procedures are to be carried out, and how there are correct and incorrect ways to perform such tasks.

If there is no strong communication between the employers and employees, the overall attitude may lead to certain employees behaving in different ways. Establishing proper ethics and written policies in regards to the company’s procedures so as to make all employees aware of their jobs and ensuring such policies are strictly enforced will promote for a more righteous working environment.  

Unethical business ethics will not, in of themselves, furnish a cause for direct legal intervention. Instead,

unethical business practices are considered more a case of mistaken business policy; one which can provide a means by which employees, partners and competitors alike might identify a business as being unable to deal successfully with a particular area for industry. As such, a business can be identified as not being in compliance with the principles typically identified either as business ethics or corporate ethics. 

However, if a business is considered to be operating according to unethical business practices, then legal

repercussions might be warranted. Business ethics is considered more relevant to the corporate and academic fields than law enforcement and the justice system. Moreover, businesses may and often do choose to emphasize their

opposition to unethical business practices as a marketing activity.

Unfair employment termination can be in various forms, though the most common application of the term will involves cases when a person is fired for reasons that are unlawful. However, each state and each particular business or career will have its own policies regarding employment termination.

When a person is wrongfully fired, there are various options at hand. One can consult with the Human Resources Department of the company where the individual was employed and discuss the issue in hopes to reach a mutually beneficial resolution. One can also decide to visit the local unemployment office, particularly if the situation at hand is one where eligibility for unemployment benefits may be questioned. In extenuating circumstances, obtaining the services of an attorney may also be necessary in order to seek any possible legal remedy for the illegal employment termination.  

In the United States there are a number of Federal laws that protect an individual who is employed with any public company or organization. The various employee laws in the United States uphold equal opportunity employment without discrimination towards religion, race, sex, age, or disability.

In addition, employee laws also ensure basic human rights that uphold the privileges associated with the United States Constitution. Furthermore, employee laws also place a limit on working hours, as well as a floor on wages. All of these employee laws are meant to protect an employee from abusive actions from their companies or organizations.

Throughout America’s history the Federal Government, through Congress, has passed many Acts and various forms of legislation to enforce such employee laws and ensure the protection of rights to those who work for those employed in the United States.

Starting a Business Simplified

If you are thinking about starting a business, you must first develop a cost/benefit analysis to weigh the pros and cons of your prospective venture—if your predicted costs outweigh the potential benefit, you should refrain from starting a small business. The resources in this article will provide the essential steps for starting a small business.

The Construction of a Business Plan

To start your own business, you must construct a business plan. There are multiple formulas used to construct a business plan, however, certain elements remain consistent in all business plans. Your business plan should include a description of your business, an executive summary, a plan elucidating on the management and marketing initiatives of your business, final projections and the appropriate documentation for starting a small business in the state which you reside.

The business plan is crucial in starting a business; the ability to secure credit, outside funding and/or finances may hinge on your business plan.

To start a business you must include the following information within your business plan:

1. Cover Sheet

2. The Executive Summary (a statement that illuminates the purpose of the business)

3. Table of Contents

4. Body of the Document:

a. The Business

i. Description of your business

ii. Marketing

iii. Cost of Operating

iv. Costs associated with personnel

v. Costs associated with business insurance

b.  Financial Data Concerned With Your Business

i. Loan Applications (secured from financial institutions)

ii. Capital supply list and equipment

iii. Balance Sheet

iv. Breakeven analysis

v. Profit and loss statements

vi. Three-year summary (goals of your small business)

vii. Detail by month (start from the first day the small business opens)

viii. Detail by quarters for second and third year

ix. Pro-forma cash flow

c.  Supporting Documents Associated with How to Start a Small Business

i. Tax returns for all supporting partners in the business for three years as well as personal financial statements (financial institutions will provide these forms)

ii. Copy of the franchise contract and supporting documents provided by the franchisor (only needed for franchise businesses)

iii. Copy of purchase agreement or proposed lease for building space

iv. Copy of licenses and other legal documents

v. Copy of resumes for all principals

vi. Copies of cover letters of intent from suppliers and entities attached to the business

Business Assistance and Training

After you have developed your business plan, the next suggestion to starting a business would require you to secure assistance and training from counseling services. These programs—which should be sponsored by the United States Small Business Administration—will offer advice (and security to the lender in the form of a guarantee) regarding financing, choosing a location and bringing greater efficacy to your business model.

To secure business assistance and training for starting a small business, you may visit the Small Business Administration website (located at www.sba.gov) to access their online resources and locate an SBA office in your area. Small business development centers, SCORE, U.S. Export Assistance Centers and the Women’s Business Centers are also valuable resources to help you start your own business.

Choose a Location

The next step to starting a small business is choosing a location. This step is crucial when you start your own business. You must choose a location that is customer-friendly and possesses a population/demographic with high demand for your good or service.  Also, you will need to comply with the area’s zoning laws. Choosing a location with lax or lucid zoning regulations will streamline your ability to start a business.

The ideal location for your business will depend on several factors. Before choosing a location to start a business, you must evaluate your business activity. You must answer the following questions to narrow your location options:

Do you manufacture products for distribution?

Do you have Employees?

Do your customers come to you or do you have to go to your customers?

If your small business depends heavily on traffic (drive-by or pedestrian) you will want to seek a popular retail location (mall or downtown area). If your prospective customers will seek your business or service, you will want to find a space that is easily accessible from population centers, public transportation hubs and major roads.

Before you start your own business, you must contact your local zoning authority to make sure you comply with your city’s zoning policies and ordinances. You should consider you advertising methods and compare them to sign regulations established by your local government—a number of localities will set restrictions on the appearance and size of advertisements.

Financing Your Small Business

The most important aspect to starting a small business is securing financing. Without financing, you will not be able to afford equipment, employees, rental space or any resource needed to produce a product or service. The United States Small Business Administration provides a variety of loan programs to start your own business. Like other forms of financing (mortgages, auto loans, credit cards etc.) you will need to qualify for small business financing. If you do not wish to participate in one of the SBA’s loan programs, you may seek financing from your bank (or another financial institution), friends, family, or private investors.

Loan Programs Offered by the SBA

7(a) Loan Program: This loan program offers financing for businesses with special requirements, such as entities that export goods or services to foreign nations or businesses that operate in rural areas.

Microloan Programs: This program offers small, short-term loans to small businesses or not-for-profit child-care centers. The SBA will provide funds to designated intermediary lenders. These institutions will then provide small loans to eligible small business owners. The maximum loan awarded is $50,000, while the average micro-loan is roughly $13,000.

CDC/504 Loan Program: This program provides long-term, fixed-rate financing to small businesses to acquire fixed assets for modernization or expansion. These loans are only offered to Certified Development Companies, which are non-profit corporations established to bolster the economic development of the community it resides.

Determining Legal Structure

After you have secured appropriate financing, you must decide on the form of business entity you wish to establish. The form of business will determine your tax obligations. The following list will provide the viable structures and their coordinating tax forms.

Sole Proprietorships: 

Income tax is filed with form 1040 (Schedule C)

Self-Employment Tax is filed with Schedule SE on Form 1040

Estimated Tax is filed under 1040-ES

Social Security and Medicare taxes and income tax withholding are filed under 941, 943 and 944

Federal unemployment Tax is filed under form 940

Partnership: Relationship existing between multiple individuals who join to form a business venture. Each individual will contribute money, labor, property and skill to share in the profits or losses of the business) Partnerships are required to file an annual information return to report the income, gains, losses, deductions etc. from its operations, however, a partnership does not have to pay income tax. Instead, the formation will pass any profits or losses onto its partners. Each partner will include his or her share of the entity’s income or loss on an individual tax return. Partnerships must furnish copies of Schedule K-1 (found on Form 1065).

Corporation: Shareholders exchange money for the corporation’s capital stock. This structure takes the same deductions as a sole proprietorship to figure its taxable income.

Income Tax is filed under Form 1120 (U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return)

Estimated Tax is filed under Form 1120-W (Estimated Tax For Corporations)

Employment Taxes are filed under Forms 940, 941 and 943

S-Corporation: Corporations that elected to pass corporate income, deductions and losses through to their shareholders for federal tax purposes.

Income Tax is filed under 1120 S (K-1)

Estimated Tax is filed under 1120-W

Employment Taxes are filed under Form 940, 941 and 943 (for farm employees)

S-Corporation Shareholders are required to file their income tax under Form 1040 under Schedule E

Limited Liability Company: A business structure allowed by state statute. Similar to that of a corporation, the owners have limited personal liability for the debts and actions of the formation. Other features of an LLC are similar to a partnership, which provides pass-through taxation and management flexibility to the entity. The United States Federal Government does not recognize and LLC as a formal classification for federal tax purposes—an LLC is required to file a corporation, sole proprietorship or partnership for tax purposes. LLC’s that are not automatically classified as a corporation must file Form 8832 to choose their classification.

Registering Your Small Business Name

To start a business you must create the legal name of the formation; the legal name is derived from the name of the person or entity that owns the business. For example:

If you are the sole owner of a business, the legal name is your full name.

For a partnership, the legal name is the name affirmed in your partnership agreement or the surnames of the partners

If your business is an LLC or a corporation, the legal name is the one registered with the state government where the business is headquartered.

The legal name of the business is required on all government applications and forms, including the application for employer tax IDs, permits and licenses. If you wish to open a small business or sell products under a different name, you must file a “fictitious name” form with your local government. The requirements for a fictitious name filing will vary between states. To ensure compliance with your local state’s regulations, please visit the following website: https://www.sba.gov/content/register-your-fictitious-or-doing-business-dba-name.

How to Get a Tax identification Number

The next step on how to start a small business requires you to obtain a Federal Tax Identification Number. As a business owner, you will need to pay business taxes—in addition to personal taxes. All businesses are required to pay state, federal and in some cases, local taxes. The majority of small businesses are required to registers with the IRS and both state and local revenue agencies to receive a tax ID number or permit.

The Federal Tax Identification Number (also referred to as the Employer Identification Number) is used to identify business entities in the United States. When starting a small business you must file Form SS-4 with the IRS. This process in how to start a small business is mandatory for businesses with employees, corporations, business partnerships and other organizations.

In addition to the federal tax identification number, you—as a small business owner—are required to obtain Tax permits and IDs from your state’s revenue agency. A small business that operates within a state is required to register for one or multiple tax id numbers, permits or licenses, including sales and use tax (seller’s permit), unemployment insurance tax and income tax withholding. If you are planning to sell products—and thus collect sales taxes—you are required to obtain a Vendor’s license or a Sales Tax Permit from your state or local government. To learn about your state’s specific rules on these licenses and permits please visit the following website: https://www.sba.gov/content/learn-about-your-state-and-local-tax-obligations.

Understanding Local Tax Requirements

Aside from business taxes levied by the federal government, small business owners will have to pay state and local taxes. Each locality institutes its own tax laws. In most states, small business owners are required to register their business with a local tax agency and apply for specialized tax permits. Moreover, nearly every state will collect a corporate or business income tax. Your specific tax requirement will depend on the legal structure of your formation. Lastly, small business owners with employees are responsible for paying specific taxes required by their state. All states will require payment for workers’ compensation insurance and unemployment insurance. To understand your state’s particular tax obligations, please visit: https://www.sba.gov/content/learn-about-your-state-and-local-tax-obligations.

Securing Business Permits & Licenses

When you start a business you are required to obtain licenses to legally operate. Depending on your small business, you may be required to obtain licensing at the federal, state and/or local level. Aside from the basic operating license, you may need to apply for specific permits if your business is aligned with farming, alcohol, the environment etc. Regulations will vary by state, locality and industry; it is therefore crucial to acknowledge the licensing rules where your small business is located. If you do not comply with regulations for permits and licenses you will be susceptible to punishments, including exorbitant fines. For information on licenses and permits for your particular state, please visit: https://www.sba.gov/content/obtaining-business-licenses-permits.

What to Know When you Hire Your First Employee

When starting a business, hiring your first employee marks a crucial step in the broader process. You must understand—and comply with—all local and federal regulations that come with hiring workers.  We have provided a check-list for all federal and state requirements associated with hiring employees:

Before hiring employees, you must obtain an employment identification number from the IRS. To obtain the document, contact the IRS or apply online

Keep Records of Employment Taxes

Form W-4: Employees must provide this form to you with a signed withholding exemption certificate (found on form W-4) on or before the date of employment. After you receive this form you must submit it to the IRS.

Form W-2: Each year, you must report wages paid and taxes withheld for each employee to the federal government. You must complete W-2 for each paid employee; you must also send Copy A of the form to the Social Security Administration by the last day of February to report the wages and taxes of your workers for the previous taxable year.

Federal law requires all business owners to verify eligibility to work in the U.S. Within three days of hire, you are required to complete the Employment Eligibility Verification Form (I-9 form). This form is not filed with the government, but instead, kept in your possession for three after the hiring date—the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency will conduct a routine workplace audit to ensure that you are properly completing and retaining the forms.

State Requirements

Your local tax obligation is dependent on your state’s tax law. However, all states require a business owner to comply with following policies:

You must register—within 20 days of the hiring date– all new employees with your state’s New Hire Reporting Program.

Obtain and carry Workers’ Compensation insurance

You may be required to pay unemployment insurances taxes ; if your business is required to pay, you must register your small business with your state’s workforce agency

Obtain disability insurance (if required)